Science Snippet: Cryopreservation Protects Grapevines at Lincoln University
A Lincoln University research fellow is working to safeguard grapevine species from extinction, using careful science and liquid nitrogen.
In the study, carried out at Lincoln University, 87 cows were exposed twice to five different behavioural tests. Responses to novel or stressful situations were scored on a ranked scale of investigative and reactive behaviour, with most test scores being consistent over repeated tests. Behaviour test scores were subjected to a principal components analysis that revealed relationships between tests in three factors (fear of human, curiosity and reaction to milking) interpreted as personality traits.
The results were interesting, with some findings being quite expected, such as cows that are surliers and more reactive producing less milk than cows that are calm at milking. However, others were less easily predicted; less sociable beef cows often initiated herd movements to new forage sites after periods of rest.
In general, the findings showed that calmer, more curious cows spent more time grazing and less time lying down. They were also less distributed by changes to environment.
However, as an interesting exception, grain fed calves with greater avoidance of novel objects and humans reached weaning criteria earlier.
Independent of this study yet coming to similar findings, a Brazilian university study found that surly, temperamental cows were 40% less efficient at metabolising methane than calm cows leading to increased emissions per kg of milk produced.
Although the Journal article says that the testing methodology is time and space consuming, limiting the opportunity for commercial farms to use personality tests. AgResearch told Rural News that it has been testing the methodology across the country and has found that the challenges are not insurmountable.
"Running a few personality tests requires the farmer to be flexible, with one or two milkings taking longer," AgResearch senior scientist Gosia Zobel explains. "We found that test responses were consistent between testing occasions, so in theory the tests could be deployed just once a year."
She says that although cows having personalities was no surprise, the amount of variation in responses to the behavioural tests was.
While many may see this research as pointless or even comical, it may prove to have multiple uses. By breeding cattle with certain psychological traits, farmers may produce animals that provide more milk, or those with placid temperaments making them less likely to spook and increasing growth rates through lower stress.
"To actually manage animals with sentience in mind means we need a greater acceptance of the individual animal," Zobel adds. "Developing ways to work with the various differences in individual behaviour is important to moving the country forward."
