Hitting heifer liveweight targets
Early December marks a key transition for many dairy farmers, as weaned replacement heifers head off-farm to grazing.
It is always an interesting experience, as what I am being asked to comment on is an analysis of the material that arrived at the laboratory. This doesn’t always reflect what is actually in the maize silage stack or bunker. Let me explain.
Sampling
It is easy to grab a handful of maize silage from a stack, but getting a sample that accurately represents the material in the whole stack is much more difficult.
The best way to get an accurate sample is by using a corer once the stack is open. Take about nine samples from the stack face – three from the lower third, three from the middle and three from the top third. Combine all the samples in a plastic bag, squeeze it to remove as much air as possible and seal it. Send the sample to the laboratory as soon as possible.
The longer the sample is in transit at ambient temperature and exposed to air, the more the quality of the silage drops. Delivering the sample to the laboratory yourself is the best option.
Alternatively use an overnight courier but make sure you avoid the sample being in transit over the weekend.
Interpreting the results
Once you have the results of your silage analysis, the next challenge is to work out exactly what they mean. Let’s go through the key results of a maize silage test.
pH: this is a measure of the acidity of the sample. Ideally maize silage should have a pH of 3.7-4.2. The lower the pH the better, as it is the silage acids that preserve the quality of your maize silage.
Drymatter (DM): ideally the sample should be 30-38% drymatter, however I have seen some very good quality maize silage that is over 40% drymatter. Dry maize silage can result from either a very dry plant or a high grain-to-stover ratio. Last year, as a result of the drought, the DM was high because the plant was dry. Three seasons ago the DM was also high but this was because the silage was full of grain.
Neutral detergent fibre (NDF): this is a measure of the fibre content and indicates how much the cow can eat.
The higher the NDF the lower the cow’s intake and vice versa. The more stover the higher the NDF and the more grain the lower the NDF. Ideally maize silage should have NDF of 35–50%.
Starch: the more grain in the sample, the higher the starch content. Aim for a starch percentage over 30%.
Crude protein: maize is a low protein feed with crude protein normally around 6-9%.
Digestibility: the higher the digestibility the more metabolisable energy (ME) is available to the cow. Starch is very digestible therefore more starch means higher digestibility and in turn more ME.
Ash: this is a measure of the mineral content of the maize silage. It usually indicates how much dirt is on the crop. The lower this figure the better.
Metabolisible energy (ME): many people don’t realise that ME is calculated, not measured. The number is based on a formula driven by digestibility. The average maize silage has energy content of 10.8 MJME/kgDM.
If you would like help interpreting your maize silage analysis or on how you can improve next year’s maize silage, the team at Pioneer® brand products are happy to assist. We are fortunate to have a very experienced silage scientist, Dr Jakob Kleinmans, as part of our team in New Zealand. Jakob has 28 years experience in silage making; he even built and ran a laboratory mainly testing maize and grass silage samples.
Feel free to contact us by emailing This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. or This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. or by calling 0800 PIONEER (746 633).
• Ian Williams is Pioneer forage specialist. Email him at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
