Best practices for optimal pasture application
Good effluent management on a dairy farm combines a well-designed system with proper processes to ensure the right amount of effluent gets applied to pasture at the right time.
It is derived from the nut of the palm fruit after the oil is either mechanically extracted (most PKE imported to NZ) or solvent extracted (lower nutritive value).
According to DairyNZ, PKE is a dry, gritty meal with a soapy smell and has low palatability until cows get a taste for it. However, PKE has reasonable levels of energy (ME) and protein, and is relatively easy to introduce to cows over a range of farm systems.
The profitability of PKE is dependent on the price of PKE relative to milk price and the utilisation of PKE and pasture.
Some farmers question whether PKE is a low digestibility feed and should it matter?
DairyNZ says there is no single, ideal measure of feed quality. However, in New Zealand, metabolisable energy (ME) is the factor limiting milk production in most situations. Therefore, ME content (MJ/kg DM) is the best measure of feed quality for most farmers to use. It does not matter whether a supplement contains fibre, starch or sugar. The cost of each MJ ME should be how you decide which supplement to buy.
PKE contains about 11.0 - 11.5 MJ ME (mechanically extracted) and is, therefore, a reasonable quality feed for dairy cows when short of pasture.
DairyNZ also dismisses the suggestion that PKE should be avoided as a feed for dairy cows because it has a low digestibility (about 50%) and, as a result, will not promote the growth of rumen microbes. It says cow survive and produce on the waste products of rumen fermentation (volatile fatty acids), the micro-organisms that have grown during rumen fermentation, and the feed that was not fermented (i.e. bypasses the rumen).
As a result, there are multiple measures of feed quality, including:
- How much is digested (digestibility)
- How much energy is available for production (metabolisable energy or net energy)
- How much protein is in the feed (crude protein, true protein, soluble protein)
- How much fat is in the feed
Minerals and vitamins.
All of these are important to varying degrees, depending on what is lacking from the diet.
Digestibility
The digestibility of the feed refers to how much of the feed is digested in the rumen (rumen digestibility or rumen degradability) or along the entire digestive tract (dry mater digestibility). The rumen digestibility of a feed is important for determining the growth of rumen micro-organisms. These supply protein and some energy to the cow. However, there is a long digestive system after the rumen, in which proteins, fats and some sugars are digested and absorbed. Therefore, dry matter digestibility is a better measure of feed quality as it takes into account the whole digestive system and not just the rumen. Metabolisable energy is estimated from some measure of dry matter digestibility.
Protein
Protein is important because it provides the rumen micro-organisms with nitrogen to grow, the protein that bypasses the rumen is used directly by the cow, and because it also provides some energy.
Fat
Fats and oils cannot be used by the rumen micro-organisms and, therefore, do not promote microbial growth. They are instead used directly by the cow as an energy source.
What about PKE?
Palm kernel is not very digestible in the rumen. Estimates of rumen digestibility range from 50-60%. However, this does not accurately portray the feed value of PKE for dairy cows. The feed value in PKE comes from the ruminal digestion of fibre, some ruminal digestion of protein (55-60%), the protein digested in the small intestine (40-45%), and the fat, although the minerals are also important.
Most grazing dairy cows are short of ME. They are only rarely short of metabolisable protein (that is protein that reaches the small intestine). Therefore, changing supplement to increase the growth of rumen micro-organisms to further increase metabolisable protein will not be beneficial.
Metabolisable energy is the most important measure of feed quality for New Zealand farmers. Laboratory analyses indicate that PKE has an ME of around 11.5MJ/kg DM because of its relatively high fat content, its reasonably digestible fibre, and its protein content. However, as PKE is a by-product, this figure will vary and farmers are encouraged to have their feeds tested by a reputable laboratory.
